Millennium Seed Bank
A world class facility for the long term storage and research of seeds.
Discover the Millennium Seed Bank facilitySeed Collection
The Seed Collection represents the greatest concentration of living seed and plant diversity on Earth. Situated in the Millennium Seed Bank, it’s a global resource for conservation and sustainable use.
About this collection
The planet is facing a critical time. Two in five plant species are threatened with extinction, with huge implications for the future of all ecosystems.
The Seed Collection at the Millennium Seed Bank (MSB) is the most diverse wild plant species genetic resource in the world, with over 2.4 billion seeds representing almost 40,000 different species.
Seed banks are a cost-effective tool for long-term ex-situ (away from their natural habitat) plant conservation. Collections are dried and frozen, preserved for the future.
They provide an insurance policy against the threats plants face in the wild.
At Kew, seeds are collected through global partnerships and field research as part of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP) network.
Once stored in the Millennium Seed Bank facility at Wakehurst, they act as resources available for research in finding sustainable solutions to global challenges.
We curate our collections to the highest standard, as high-quality collections maximise longevity in storage and the useability of collections for research, re-introduction and restoration.
What’s represented in the seed bank?
- Over 97,000 seed collections
- Represents nearly 40,000 species
- Over 6,100 genera
- 350 families
Using the Seed Collection
Our collections are available for research, plant-breeding, species re-introduction, vegetation restoration, education and display.
Seeds collected through the MSBP are duplicated to the MSB under the Convention for Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol. Where partner agreements and seed numbers allow, seeds can be distributed via the Kew Seed List.
Seed banking practices
Kew was an early leader in the development of seed banking practices; first developed for crops and then expanding to wild species.
A straight-forward practice, it helps 90% of seed-bearing plant species survive by drying and then freezing their seeds, so extending their longevity reliably.
We do this in our purpose-built, state of the art facility at Wakehurst.
Once collected and transported to the seed bank, seeds are prepared and dried to 15% equilibrium relative humidity, before storage in deep freeze chambers (-20°C).
Curation
The collections are curated to international gene bank standards, at every stage of the process.
These are not always applicable to wild species collections; so we used our considerable experience to set global standards across the partnership. These are used across the MSB Partnership to ensure that collections are of optimum quality and form the basis of our training programmes.
We look at:
- High quality passport data
- Plant identification
- Longevity and viability of each collection
- Understanding how to break dormancy
- Maximising germination to avoid selection during the life cycle
Recalcitrant species
Recalcitrant species produce seeds that cannot be dried and therefore cannot be banked using conventional methods.
There is a spectrum of seed storage behaviour and longevity, even within orthodox species, depending on phylogeny and environments (maternal and post-harvest).
Current data suggests that around one in ten species have recalcitrant seeds, but the rate is habitat dependent. In moist tropical forests over half of tree and shrub species could have recalcitrant seeds.
Research is underway to develop novel methods, including scoping out a large-scale cryogenic storage facility, the Kew Cryosphere.
Backup of sub-samples in cryo-storage is routinely used to extend the longevity of short-lived species.
Targets and priorities
As we move beyond 2020, we are excited to be continuing our seed conservation work. We will be looking at:
- Increasing our focus on collection quality to ensure all collections are fit for purpose
- Improving the genetic diversity captured in our collections, increasing our focus on sub-specific taxa, and appropriate eco-geographic and genetic representation through multi-provenance species collections
- Prioritising plants threatened with extinction, as well as endemic plants and those most useful for the future for human adaptation and innovation
- Prioritizing ecosystems at risk of climate change (montane, maritime and island)
- Forestry and trees: the MSBP works to support tree conservation both in the UK through the UK National Tree Seed Project and around the world through the Globe Tree Seed Bank programme
- Crop wild relatives: These species hold important traits for development of resilience to global change and are under-represented in seed banks. The Global Crop Diversity Trust and Kew have collaborated on the Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change project covering 29 major crops. We are looking to do more
Discover more
.jpg.webp?itok=YDtHrTVl "Seeds stored at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, Wolfgang Stuppy © RBG Kew")
Banking the world’s seeds
Safeguarding wild plant diversity and enabling its sustainable utilisation through global partnership.
Find out about the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
Science Collections Strategy
For the first time in Kew’s history, there is a formal strategy to set out a framework for managing, developing and providing greater access to the Science Collections over the next decade.
Read our Collections Strategy